Byzantine astral iconography developed from early Christian and ancient visual culture, with the latter via a profound process of Christianisation. In turn, the early Christian fascination with astral imagery went through stages of transformation prompted by various factors. Among these, the influence of neighbouring cultures and the widespread interest in astrology are solidly researched. But recent studies of Byzantine science, including astronomy and astrology, open new avenues of interpretation regarding astral iconography. Accordingly, this article considers the flourishing of astral, especially zodiacal, iconography in Byzantium’s later centuries and in the post-Byzantine era as an outcome of scientific progress. Even so, a fuller understanding of the relevant iconography is impossible without the theological worldview of the Byzantines, which also legitimised the rebirth of the astral sciences.